PostgreSQL Row-Level Security

Summary: in this tutorial, you will learn how to use PostgreSQL row-level security to control access to individual rows in a table.

Introduction to the PostgreSQL Row-Level Security

Row-level security (RLS) is a feature that allows you to restrict rows returned by a query based on the user executing the query.

The RLS allows you to control access to individual rows in tables based on the current user and specific conditions defined by policies.

The basic steps for implementing row-level security are as follows:

First, enable row-level security on a table using the ALTER TABLE statement:

ALTER TABLE table_name
ENABLE ROW LEVEL SECURITY;

Second, create a new row-level security policy for a table using the CREATE POLICY statement:

CREATE POLICY name ON table_name
USING (condition);

In the policy, you define a condition that determines which rows are visible.

Note that superusers and roles with the BYPASSRLS attribute can bypass the row security system when accessing a table.

Additionally, table owners also bypass row-level security. To enforce the row-level security to the table owners, you can modify the table using the FORCE ROW LEVEL SECURITY option:

ALTER TABLE table_name
FORCE ROW LEVEL SECURITY;

PostgreSQL Row-Level Security example

We’ll take an example of creating a table and roles where the roles can retrieve data from the table whose manager column matches the current role.

1) Create a new database called hr:

create database hr;

2) Change the current database to the hr database:

\c hr

3) Create a new table called departments to store department data:

create table departments(
   id serial primary key,
   name VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL UNIQUE,
   manager VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL
);

4) Insert some rows into the departments table:

INSERT INTO departments(name, manager)
VALUES('Sales', 'alice'),
      ('Marketing', 'bob'),
      ('IT', 'jack');

5) Create a group role called managers:

CREATE ROLE managers;

6) Grant the SELECT privileges of all tables in the public schema to the group role managers:

GRANT SELECT ON ALL TABLES
IN SCHEMA public
TO managers;

7) Create three new roles alice, bob, peter and assign them as members of the managers group role:

CREATE ROLE alice WITH LOGIN PASSWORD 'SecurePass1'
IN ROLE managers;
CREATE ROLE bob WITH LOGIN PASSWORD 'SecurePass2'
IN ROLE managers;
CREATE ROLE jack WITH LOGIN PASSWORD 'SecurePass3'
IN ROLE managers;

The roles alice, bob, and jack will implicitly inherit privileges from the group role managers. In other words, they can retrieve data from all tables in the public schema.

8) Enable row-level security on the departments table:

ALTER TABLE departments
ENABLE ROW LEVEL SECURITY;

9) Create a policy that the current user can access the rows whose value in the manager column of the departments table matches the current role name:

CREATE POLICY department_managers
ON departments
TO managers
USING (manager = current_user);

10) Connect to the hr database using the alice role in a separate session:

psql -U alice -d hr

11) Retrieve data from the departments table:

SELECT * FROM departments;

Output:

id | name  | manager
----+-------+---------
  1 | Sales | alice
(1 row)

The query returns the rows whose manager column is alice.

12) Connect to the hr database using the bob role in a separate session:

psql -U bob -d hr

13) Select data from the departments table:

SELECT * FROM departments;

Output:

id |   name    | manager
----+-----------+---------
  2 | Marketing | bob
(1 row)

Like alice, bob can only retrieve data whose manager is bob.

Summary

• Use the ALTER TABLE table_name ENABLE ROW LEVEL SECURITY statement to enable row-level security of a table.
• Use the CREATE POLICY statement to define a new row-level security policy for a table.