PostgreSQL DELETE CASCADE

Summary: in this tutorial, you will learn how to use the PostgreSQL DELETE CASCADE to delete related rows in child tables when a parent row is deleted from the parent table.

Introduction to the PostgreSQL DELETE CASCADE

In PostgreSQL, the DELETE CASCADE is a referential action that allows you to automatically delete related rows in child tables when a parent row is deleted from the parent table.

This feature helps you maintain referential integrity in the database by ensuring that dependent rows are removed when their corresponding rows are deleted.

To enable the DELETE CASCADE action, you need to have two related tables parent_table and child_table:

CREATE TABLE parent_table(
    id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
    ...
);

CREATE TABLE child_table(
    id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
    parent_id INT,
    FOREIGN_KEY(parent_id)
       REFERENCES parent_table(id)
       ON DELETE CASCADE
);

In the child table, the parent_id is a foreign key that references the id column of the parent_table.

The ON DELETE CASCADE is the action on the foreign key that will automatically delete the rows from the child_table whenever corresponding rows from the parent_table are deleted.

Let’s take a look at an example.

PostgreSQL DELETE CASCADE example

First, create tables departments and employees to store departments and employees:

CREATE TABLE departments (
    id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
    name VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL
);

CREATE TABLE employees (
    id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
    name VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL,
    department_id INT NOT NULL,
    FOREIGN KEY(department_id)
       REFERENCES departments(id)
       ON DELETE CASCADE
);

In this setup, a department may have one or more employees and each employee belongs to a department.

In the employees table, the department_id is a foreign key that references the id column of the departments table.

The foreign key has the ON DELETE CASCADE clause that specifies the referential action to take when a row in the departments table is deleted.

Second, insert rows into departments and employees tables:

INSERT INTO departments (name)
VALUES
    ('Engineering'),
    ('Sales')
RETURNING *;

INSERT INTO employees (name, department_id)
VALUES
    ('John Doe', 1),
    ('Jane Smith', 1),
    ('Michael Johnson', 2)
RETURNING *;

Output:

id |    name
----+-------------
  1 | Engineering
  2 | Sales
(2 rows)

 id |      name       | department_id
----+-----------------+---------------
  1 | John Doe        |             1
  2 | Jane Smith      |             1
  3 | Michael Johnson |             2
(3 rows)

Third, delete a department and observe the cascading effect on associated employees:

DELETE FROM departments
WHERE id = 1;

Once you execute this statement, it deletes all employees belonging to the department with department_id = 1 due to the DELETE CASCADE action defined on the foreign key constraint.

Finally, retrieve data from the employees table to verify the employees associated with the deleted department:

SELECT * FROM employees;

Output:

id |      name       | department_id
----+-----------------+---------------
  3 | Michael Johnson |             2
(1 row)

The output indicates that the employees with department id 1 were deleted successfully.

Summary

Use PostgreSQL DELETE CASCADE action to automatically delete related rows in child tables when a parent row is deleted.